The problem of unpaid labour in latin American economics Essay

The problem of unpaid labour in latin American economics - Essay Example International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2006, about 6 million children in Latin America are engaged in the workforce as laborers (Antonopoulos, and Hirway, 2009). On the same score women have been found to be heavily involved in unpaid labor all across Latin American economies. Research conducted by the United Nations on this subject has found that the gap between women and men in paid labor is quite huge. Many women and children still suffer from certain forms of discrimination or slavery at their places of work. Research has also shown that efforts are being made to ameliorate such discrepancies in the workforce and bring some ethics into organizations. Such efforts like bridging the gap in health, education, markets and access to credits as well as protection of labor rights have been devoted to address these alarming disparities. Such initiatives have been important yet not sufficient to bridge the huge gap that already exists and women still feel underrepresented in paid labor (MaganÃŒÆ'a, 2013). It must be recognized that by bridging the gap between paid and unpaid work is a positive goal that influences positively pro-poor growth, social cohesion and general human developments and must be encouraged. As such policy makers must focus their attention to address the gaps that exist in health, education, labor rights and access to credits as these have been found to influence greatly the productiveness of women in the workforce. The ILO defines child labor as any work that interferers with the child’s development. In Latin America many children are engaged in the regional workforce either formal or informal. It is a difficult problem to combat as it as a result of the high poverty levels and entrenched societal customs. It is therefore the aim of this paper to look at such problems of unpaid labor in Latin America and find out possible solutions. The succeeding discussion elucidates the problem in more detail. The number of people engaged in unpaid or

Palestinian settlement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Palestinian settlement - Essay Example Israel built 200,000 illegal Jewish settlements on the West Bank forcing up to 300,000 Palestinians out of their homes and destroying their settlements (Kevorkova). The Israeli-controlled municipality is asking the Palestinians to demolish their homes saying that they have been constructed illegally. The same set of authorities has made the permits very expensive for the Palestinians to afford. Many Palestinians have been so heart-broken that they are destroying their homes themselves rather than having the Israeli authorities do it to them by force. â€Å"Self-demolitions like this began a few years ago and have continued—albeit somewhat under the mainstream media’s radar—ever since, with Palestinians compelled to destroy their own homes in order to avoid the steadily increasing fines leveled by the municipality† (Gilbert and Collins). The amount of land zoned for the Palestinian construction in the Shu’Fat neighborhood of East Jerusalem is far less than the population of the Palestinians in the city. This can be estimated from the fact that although the population of the Palestinians has become 300,000 in the city since the year 1967, the amount of land zoned for the Palestinian construction by the municipal authorities is no more than 9 per cent (Gilbert and Collins). On the West Bank, the Israeli army checks the papers of the Palestinian settlers in the area, randomly confiscates some of them, and herds them as well as their flocks away from the hilltop that has been so wanted by the Jewish settlement called Susiya. The Israeli officers arrest those who argue with them over the unjust orders of movement. Young Jewish settlers are increasingly establishing their mobile homes over the hilltops. â€Å"Armed with a list of military orders, Israeli soldiers are herding the West Bank’s Palestinians out of the rural 60% of the territory,

Managers in the modern business environment Coursework

Managers in the modern business environment - Coursework Example A stretch goal entails a target that beyond the original goal. Taking into consideration that the managers may be not the ones who set the stretch goals, they may face problems in achieving the goals. This is based on the complexity of the projects they are handling and the communication problem that may arise when informing the backers on how to achieve the stretch goals (Kotter and Dan, 2002). Another notable challenge that the managers are facing is dealing with underperforming workers. While it is the duty of the employees to ensure that the objectives of a firm are achieved, it is the role of the managers to make effort of enhancing the performance of the workers (West, 2012). Once a worker is not in a position to perform, the managers are left in a dilemma whether to fire them or to train them in order to improve their skills. As the managers aim at getting the right workforce that will lead to the achievement of the company objectives. In this regard, managers are faced with a challenge of hiring the right people who will make the organization without using a lot of resources either in training the new employees or collecting mistakes that they do in the course of their duties (Manfred, 2003). Closely related, is to make a delegation decision. Taking into consideration that managers are answerable to the directors or owners of an organization, they do not want to appear as failures in their duties. This implies that during their absenteeism, managers are faced with a challenge of choosing the right worker who will under take vital duties on their behalf (Howell, 2012). Responding to crisis is another challenge faced by individuals in management positions. In the operations of any organizations, challenges such as strikes, workers conflicts and go slows among normally experienced. It is the duty of the ma nagers to ensure that such issues are effectively handled an aspect that is not easy especially

Saudi Arabia's Economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Saudi Arabia's Economy - Essay Example It is acknowledged that the oil industry is a major contributor in the GDP of Saudi Arabia. However, one should not lose sight that other sectors also have significant roles in shaping the economy of Saudi Arabia. These other sectors, though currently not as significant as the oil industry have a considerable bearing in the performance of Saudi Arabia. Also, the Hubbert Peak Theory, which foretells the downslide in Saudi Arabian oil production, warns of the possible collapse of the oil industry's which will considerably reduce or even eliminate the significance oil to the country. This paper will look at the economy of Saudi Arabia as a whole. The first part will talk about the country's GDP and its composition. Next, it will tackle the contributing sectors individually mostly concentrating on the oil industry. An assessment of the Hubbert Peak Theory and its opponent will also be done. In general, Saudi Arabia has a robust economy supported by its strong oil industry. Saudi Arabia's economy began to flourish during after 1973, when the price of oil in the world market skyrocketed. This phenomenon made the country one of the fastest-growing economy in the world as it enjoyed a substantial surplus in its overall trade transactions with its partners, rapid growth in imports, and the generation of substantial government revenue that supports the country's development efforts (Background Note 27-28). During 2004, the country recorded a total GDP of $310.2 billion dollars which translates to a per capita GDP of $11,742. It should be noted that in terms of GDP, the country is in a decline. The aggregated GDP average growth during the period of 1975-2000 was -2.2% as opposed to the -4.4 recorded during 1980-2000 (Saudi or Saudi Arabian Economy 5). In spite of the overall decline in the economy, Saudi Arabia is showing signs of slow recovery from the oil price collapse in 1998. Real GDP growth rate during 2004 was seen at 5.2% while experts forecast that Saudi Arabia will expand at an annual rate of 5.7 and 4.8% for the years 2005 and 2006, respectively (Saudi Arabia 2). The oil industry largely contribute to the total GDP of Saudi Arabia. As stated above, oil export revenue accounts for 90-95% of the country's export earnings, 70-80% of the total state revenue and 40% of the total GDP. The largest chunk of the country's GDP is shared by the industry sector which makes up 58.8%, followed by the services sector at 36.5%. The remaining 4.7% is accounted for by Saudi Arabia's agricultural sector (Saudi Arabia 2). The Oil Industry Saudi Arabia controls the largest petroleum reserves in the world which is 26% of the proved total, ranks the largest exporter of petroleum and undeniably plays a significant role in the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). According to the Oil Gas Journal, Saudi Arabia possesses 261.9 billion barrels of proven oil reserves in the world including those, which are in the Saudi-Kuwaiti Divided. The country has 80 oil and gas fields though more than half of the total reserves is concentrated in only eight fields which includes Ghawar and Safaniya. Ghawar is considered the largest oil field with an estimated remaining reserves of 70 billion barrels while Safaniya is the largest offshore

CORPORATE OWNERSHIP, GOALS, and GOVERNANCE Research Paper

CORPORATE OWNERSHIP, GOALS, and GOVERNANCE - Research Paper Example Blair looks at the rights of owners and concludes that shareholders do not have sufficient rights to be called the corporate owners. The article details the rights that owners have such as the right to acquire and dispose off assets and a right to get profits generated by the asset and its sale. The article claims that shareholders do not possess all these rights instead it is distributed to various stakeholders. The article argues that since these rights are not possessed by shareholders, it cannot be said that they are the owners of companies. The author also says that calling shareholders the owners of companies cannot guarantee them the rights of owners. However, the author in conclusion advocates for not distributing these rights because they may discourage investment. The distribution of rights between the shareholders and managers is also discussed. The shareholders, given that they contribute capital, have a right to elect the directors. Directors are the ones who make invest ment decisions on behalf of the shareholders. The shareholders do not possess the ultimate right to control the decision making of managers. The author says that this is because in large corporations the shareholders may be so many that even the managers may not know some of them. Shareholders also have limited liability and so cannot be responsible for the debts of firms. This author says this denies them the ultimate right to say that they are the owners of the firms. To support his argument, the author looks at how corporations create wealth. She says that wealth creation in a firm is not just because of the share capital of shareholders, but other stakeholders such as customers, employees and suppliers also make special investment contributions that are important to the company. The authors say that all stakeholders in the firm are investors. She gives an example of employees who dedicate their time and human resource to serve the firm. Even though they are compensated, they nee d to be recognized in the ownership of the firm. In conclusion the article discourages the view of looking at ownership of firms in terms of assets invested. It argues that the employees also create wealth for firms and their contribution must be respected. The article puts up a strong defense for inclusion of other parties, especially the employees in the ownership of firms. This view is good, but it fails to state what level of ownership can these stakeholders posses. Inclusion of employees as owners of firms just by virtue that they help in wealth creation would present a complex scenario in the ownership and management of firms. The only recommendation would be that the employees should be encouraged to buy shares in the firm so that they can be part of owners. â€Å"Corporate Ownership and Governance† by Connelly Brian et al The aim of this article is to demonstrate that corporate governance is not a reserve of the board of directors but also owners participate in the go vernance of firms. They do this by looking at the different forms of corporate ownership and how they influence decision making in the firm. They divide this in two categories, outside ownership and inside ownership. Inside Ownership This is when stock is held by the insiders. These insiders tend to make decisions that favor the

Why “Baes” Never Stay Essay Example for Free

Why â€Å"Baes† Never Stay Essay Teen romance is like a minefield – very few make it through completely unscathed, and the path is often strewn with the shrapnel of countless broken hearts. According to common wisdom, the reason behind all this affliction is because teenagers are capricious creatures who lack the maturity to resolve relationship issues. However, maturity is not the only key factor playing into why teen couples just are not staying together happily. Social media pressures young people to be in constant contact with one another, meaning they can constantly monitor the other. Maturity and social media are large factors in the way many relationships play out nowadays, but the same people writing articles about the topic are the ones forgetting the most important factor; communication. Building an emotional relationship and being able to relate and interact with your partner is the foundation to a truly satisfying and healthy relationship. We live in the age of social networking, and in the past few years, technology and turned both our world and the way we talk to others completely around. There are both good sides and bad sides to such advancements and changes, as one should expect. Since words are typed onto a screen rather than spoken face to face, it is extremely easy to misunderstand words, as there is very little contest surrounding them. Such facts can cause one member of the relationship to mistake a statement one said to make it seem like something else, therefore an argument occurs. Jealously among teenagers is quite ridiculous. Fifteen years ago, one would not have to worry about whether or not their significant other would make them their â€Å"Man Crush Monday† or â€Å"Woman Crush Wednesday† nor would they get upset if the same person didn’t text them back within half a minute. There was no â€Å"relationship status† on the internet, no reason to question their lover’s loyalty over who â€Å"liked† their pictures. The teenagers of the current generation see the problem, in fact, 75% of a surveyed group agreed that social media can affect relationships with others (Quiet Voice 1). Social media and relationships can go hand in hand at times, for traveling  spouses overseas or a family member away at college. Unless you are mature enough and already have the emotional connection with your partner, I would not rely on a computer to run your relationship. Maturity plays a major role in the success and the demise of relationships. Maturity influences a person’s ability to truly commit to a relationship for life and understand that commitment implies giving up all other partner choices. So as a teenager, not many understand the concept of maturity and trust. Certain life experiences they receive along the way can help them realize such things. High school relationships can be categorized into three different categories: Those who care about themselves intentionally, those who care about themselves unintentionally, and those who care about the other person. The ones who care about themselves intentionally are the ones who date strictly for the relationship and the title, not the other person. In a case like this one, 0% of the relationships survive because essentially, it was not a relationship to begin with. Caring about yourself unintentionally is one thought that usually would not cross your mind. It is a difficult category, as not many always see it. You will catch yourself saying â€Å"Oh ___, I love the way you make me feel! You make me so happy!† Person A claims to care about Person B, when I reality they are truly just trying to satisfy their own personal needs. Finally, those who care about the other person. When you can truly say you have reached this stage, you have gained the independence and the maturity to maintain a steady and committed relationship. The high school sweethearts, married for over fifty years now, are the teenagers who made the decision to be committed and responsible young adults, taking the lead over others their age at the time, but setting an example that yes, it can be done. Communication allows us to share interests, aspirations, and concerns with ones we care about. Good communication is about the way we talk and listen, and about our body language (Better Health 2). Healthy relationships rely on the fundamental of communication. When people stop interacting well, they stop relating to each other, and it can cause them to disconnect. It is much easier to face problems when you have the ability to talk through them with each other. Being in a relationship in high school should not have to be  stressful, one should be able to laugh and just enjoy each other’s company. The main problem in our generation of teenagers is that we seem to have lost the mannerism of actually speaking to one another. 83% of teens break up over text message rather than face to face (Stay Teen 1). When relationships or even friendships are conducted primarily through texting, the context of the conversation is stripped off all personal aspect. As a whole, teenagers must learn the important characteristics of communication and how interacting well with others will almost always lead to a healthy and loving relationship. A strong, healthy bond with someone you truly care about can be one of the best supports in your life. It improves all aspects of your life, strengthening your health, mind, and your connections with others as well. Your significant other can be your best friend, and you will have many adventures and maintain a fun relationship with the one you love. Works Cited The Good And the Bad: How Social Networks Affect Our Relationships †¢ Domain .ME Blog. Domain ME Blog The Good And the Bad How Social Networks Affect Our Relationships Comments. N.p., 02 Sept. 2014. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. Lyness, DArcy, PhD. Love and Romance. Teenshealth.org. N.p., May 2013. Web. Stay Teen | Home. Stay Teen | Home. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. The Quiet Voice. The Quiet Voice. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. Home | Better Health Channel. Home | Better Health Channel. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. Lifehacker Australia. Lifehacker Australia. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2015. Home: National Healthy Marriage Resource Center. Home: National Healthy Marriage Resource Center. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Mar. 2015.

The Elements of a Contract

The Elements of a Contract 1.0 Introduction I am the Human Resource Manager for a recording company. My director who name Mr. Abu requested me to rent an apartment accommodation for three employees who came from oversea to stay in my state. So I am as the Human Resources Manager, I am expected to deal with the landlord. I need to find out the main element for binding a valid house rent contract. Apart from that, I need to brief the main element to my directors Mr. Abu and design a contract to show to Mr. Abu. Then, to assume that the landlord claim that my employees was damage the kitchen cabinets after one month they have stay in the rented apartment, so I am expect to write a report to Mr. Abu on what kind of legal solution that might can be taken by the landlord and how I am go to solve the situation and I need to justify my answer to avoid my legal liability on such damage to property in apartment. Apart from that, I need to describe the nature contractual liability arising from the damages that found in the house and whether tenants are partially or wholly liable for damages done to the premises. 2.0 The Main Element for Binding a Valid House Renting Contract 2.1 Offer An offer or proposal for the creation of an agreement is necessary. Section 2(a) Contract Act 1950 provides that if a person means another who is willing to do or omit to do something to the consent of the other as the act or abstinence could be obtained, it is said, on to make a suggestion. The first part of the Section 2(c) in the Contracts Act 1950 calls the person who make the proposal promisor. Under the contracts Act 1950 and English Law, an offer or proposal is something which is capable of being changed into the agreement by its acceptance. The proposal should be a definite promise to be bound provided certain specified terms that are accepted. The promisor or also called as the offeror must have stated his willingness to an obligation to undertake certain specific terms, leaving the option of its refusal or acceptance to the offeree, the person to whom that offer is made. Then contract is complete once the offeree is accept the offer. (GILLIES, P, 2004). Thus, offer is one of the parties made a promise to do or prevent from doing some specified action in the future. (Jec.unm.edu, 2015). Apart from that, the offeror may make the offer to a particular person or to the whole world. 2.2 Acceptance To form a binding valid house renting contract, the offer must have an acceptance. Acceptance of an offer is the offer was accept unambiguously. The acceptance must be an agreement to each of the terms of the offer. Section 2(b) of the contract Act 1950 provides that when a person made signifies his assent thereto to whom, the proposal is said to have been accepted. When a proposal was accepted, it will become a promise. Apart from that, the person that who is accepted the proposal is called promisee. In additional, acceptance must be communicated to the offeror. The communication of acceptance may be express or implied. (Gulshan, Kapoor and Paliwal, 2008). Furthermore, acceptance of any promise which is made in performance or words that could say to be express. In contrast, acceptance that made other than words and performance is say to be implies. For proposal to be changed in a promise, the acceptance of the proposal must be absolute and unqualified, so that the acceptance is complete consensus. Then, if the parties are still bargaining, agreement is still not yet formed and the proposer cannot prescribe silence as a manner of acceptance. 2.3 Intention to Create Legal Relations A statement to be an offer, it must be made with the intention that it be binding upon acceptance. It is also necessity that all the parties to an agreement have an intention to create legal relations which is meaning the parties intend the legal consequences attach to their agreement. (JONES, L, 2013). In short, the parties intend that the agreement will be binding with recourse to some external judge for this enforceability. In determining whether the parties intend their agreement to be legally binding, the courts are guided by two presumptions such as parties to a domestic or social agreement do not intend to be legally bound and parties to business agreement intend to be legally bound. These are presumptions only and can be rebutted by sufficient evidence to the contrary. 2.4 Consideration Considerations is something of legal value that each party gives to the contract to bind the agreement. (Goldman and Sigismond, 2014). So, the consideration is especially important where the agreement involves a promise to the act in a particular way in future. In exchanges where there is an immediate, simultaneous transfer of, for example, good for money, the doctrine of consideration applies in theory but rarely will causes practical problems. An agreement without consideration can consider is void. Apart from that, consideration need not be adequate and not be too vague. The words consideration defined as when, at the desire of the promisor, the promisee or any other person has done or refused from doing, or does or refused from doing, or promises to do and refused from doing something, such act or abstinence or consider as promise is called a consideration for the promise. 2.5 Certainty Certainty is the terms of a contract are certain when each of the provision is described or explained properly and clearly set forth. (Definitions.uslegal.com, 2015). The terms of an agreement cannot be vague but must be certain. An agreement which is not capable of being made certain or uncertain is consider as void. An enforceable contract requires certainty of terms. Which means for an agreement to be a contract, it must be apparent what is the terms of the contract are. If the important term in the agreement is not settled, the agreement is not a contract. 2.6 Capacity Capacity to contract is legal and mental ability to understand the nature of an enforceable agreement. (Goldman and Sigismond, 2011). Furthermore, capacity is mean that the legal competence of a person to enter into a valid contract. The parties entering into a contract should be also competent to contract, that is to said, they must have the legal capacity to do so. Capacity refers to the ability of the parties to a contract to fully understand its terms and obligations. For example, a contract made with person mentally unsound, a bankrupt person and person under age 18 in Malaysia is void. Every person is competent to a contract if who is of the age of majority which is eighteen years old to the law to which he is subject, and who is healthy and not disqualified from contract by a law which it is subject there. However, there are some exceptions to this rule which are Contracts for necessaries, Contracts of scholarship and Contracts of insurance as well. 3.0 The Damaged level of kitchen by Alex Recording Sdn Bhd employee Alex Recording Sdn Bhd employees have damaged a part of the premise which is kitchen’s cabinet. The damaged cabinet has been left for a long period without any maintenance or repair. 3.1 Legal action take by landlord Due to Alex Recording employee Sdn Bhd employees had damaged the kitchen’s cabinet and left for a long period without any maintenance or repair. Therefore, the landlord is going to take legal actions towards Alex Recording Sdn Bhd based on the rental agreement’s conditions as follows: (Please refer to Appendix 1.1 Rental Agreement number 11 and 12) 3.2 Landlord takes action to against Alex Recording SdnBhd The landlord will takes civil action to against Alex Recording Sdn Bhd due to Alex Recording Sdn Bhd is breach of contract cases. According to wiseGEEK (no date) has reported that a civil action is usually brought for the purpose of resolving private legal issues that arise between business, people, or other entities. There also mentioned some of the most common kinds of civil actions include family law proceedings, civil rights violations, breach of contract cases, and personal injury lawsuits. Landlord can’t takes criminal action to against Alex Recording Sdn Bhd due to criminal action is brought by government (society) to determine whether the guilty person committed the unlawful act and to determine the accused person’s punishment reported by NDSU (no date). NDSU also reported that criminal action punishment will be imprisonment or a fine paid to the government, and the case of criminal action such as Armed Rubbery. 3.3 The Argument to against landlord According to Alex Recording Sdn Bhd employees said that the kitchen’s cabinet was broken before they move in. However, Alex Recording Sdn Bhd employees still used the cabinet but without repair it. That mean that the cabinet is not broken by Alex Recording Sdn Bhd employees and it should by someone else who had rented the premises before. Basically, Alex Recording Sdn Bhd is not liable to pay the repair fee to the landlord due to the cabinet is not broke by their employees and also the Rental Agreement didn’t notice or mention that the RESIDENT should check all the items is on the good condition before move in the premises. 3.4 Element of the contract between Alex Recording Sdn Bhd and landlord Offer Is a proper offer. Acceptance Is a proper acceptance. Consideration The agreement have consideration. Certainly The agreement is certain. Capacity Both parties have legal capacity. Intention to create legal relations -The agreement is intention to create legal relations. (Please refer to Appendix – â€Å"2.1 Case law† to check the similar case) 4.0 Contractual Liability for the damages of house The employees of Alex Recording have damaged the kitchen’s cabinet. Hereby, there are several elements of contract which has existed in this case. The elements are offer, certainty, consideration, capacity, intention to create legal intention as well as acceptance. 4.1 Offer There’s a valid offer which offered by Alex Recording, which proved by the signature of Director of Alex Recording. Moreover, terms and condition has written down in the contract by offering the landlord to have the signature. 4.2 Acceptance The acceptance in this situation is valid. We assume that the landlord has read the terms and condition only the landlord sign the contract. Meaning to say that the landlord has agreed to the contract before the landlord sign and accept this offer by Alex Recording. 4.3 Consideration There’s consideration in this contract which state in the first terms and condition in the contract, that the Alex Recording will pay RM1300 in advance for the first month as well as the security deposit of RM300, in total is RM2050 are to be paid to the landlord, Lim Wei Shang. 4.4 Certainty This contract is definitely certainty and there’s no vague terms and condition written, and labeled neatly. 4.5 Capacity The offeror and offeree has been officially 18 and above. Apart from that, both of the parties are not mentally unsound. Furthermore, they’re not in bankrupt. Thus, this is a valid contract. 4.6 Intention to create legal relation In this case, there’s an intention to create legal relation which is business relation between landlord and director. Our party will only agree to take the responsibility of partially liable since the cabinet in the kitchen is already not in a good and well condition before we starting the agreement contract and entered into rented the room. We will only take half of the responsibility as we are only partially liable for the damage of kitchen cabinet. The cabinet is too old can be see it was use many year and it is the landlords responsibility in change of a brand-new or a well-fixed cabinet before renting the room out. The landlord should also be partially liable for the damage as the landlord should take care of the safety of the customer. The landlord had already broken a condition called contributory negligence. As such, we will only be partially liable of the damage as we should not be the only party that should be responsible for the damage. As the supported by judicial precedent which is previous case law. (Please refer to Appendix 3.1 Case Law to check the similar case) 5.0 Conclusion Law can define as the body of customary rules recognized by a community as binding. Apart from that, law is defining as a body of rules which are enforced by the state. Contract may be defined as an agreement enforceable by law. Contract is an agreement which is legally binding between parties. The main element of law of contract is offer, consideration, certainly, capacity, acceptance of an offer and intention to create legal elations. In conclusion, Alex recording Sdn Bhd only partially liable on the damages of kitchen cabinet because of the kitchen cabinet is already damages before employees of Alex recording is starting the agreement and entered the rental apartment. The landlord should also be partially liable for the damage as the landlord should take care of the safety of the customer.